THE presence of a fistulous communication between the esophagus and trachea, without an accompanying esophageal atresia, is rarely reported and is not familiar to many physicians. The classification ...

CONGENITAL anomalies involving the larynx, trachea and esophagus are rare. Five types of tracheal and esophageal anomalies have been described by Ladd. 1 Sayre and Hall 2 reported 2 cases of anomalies ...

The occurrence of phenotypic differences between monozygotic (MZ) twins is commonly attributed to environmental factors, assuming that MZ twins have a complete identical genetic make-up. Yet, recently ...

Correcting congenital deformities is a challenge for pediatric surgeons. Up until 1940, successful surgical repair of congenital deformities was rare; the techniques of pediatric anesthesia and ...

Antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy during pregnancy was associated with a small increase in the risk of congenital anomalies. The magnitude of risk was slightly higher for carbimazole or methimazole ...