THE Graham-Steell murmur was originally described in 1888. ¶ Since that time little factual information has been accumulated concerning this bruit. A search of the American literature during the past ...

Once your examination of the left lower sternal border is completed, move up to the left upper sternal border. Pulmonic valve murmurs and patent ductus arteriosus are loudest here, and it is the best ...

Reviewed were the records of 81 patients under supervision in the same cardiac clinic since childhood, including 35 who died during the period of observation. Most of the patients were examined and ...

Pulmonary Circulation, Vol. 5, No. 1 (March 2015), pp. 204-210 (7 pages) AbstractPeripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (PPAS) is an underrecognized condition in the adult population. PPAS can lead to ...

An S4 heart sound cannot be present during atrial fibrillation (atrial kick is required). An S3 heart sound cannot be present in the setting of severe mitral stenosis. An S3 heart sound can be present ...

Table 3 provides typical characteristics of common murmurs. The tricuspid stenosis murmur is diastolic and a soft rumble, heard best at the left lower sternal border. It will increase in intensity ...